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Taller species will have part of their shoot system in the underlying layers. In addition to the above-ground stratification there is also a “root layer”. In the broadest sense, the layering of diaspores in the soil may be counted as part of the vertical structure. The plants of a layer, especially with regard to their way of life and ...
Treewidth may be formally defined in several equivalent ways: in terms of the size of the largest vertex set in a tree decomposition of the graph, in terms of the size of the largest clique in a chordal completion of the graph, in terms of the maximum order of a haven describing a strategy for a pursuit–evasion game on the graph, or in terms ...
Single trunk trees can also pose measurement problems. Consider trees with very large girths, such as some of the sequoias growing the western United States. If they are growing on even a gentle slope, if girth is measured at 4.5 feet above where the pith of the tree emerges from the ground, the upside of the tape could easily be below ground ...
Equations used to describe plant size over time are then often expolinear [15] or sigmoidal. [16] [17] Agronomic studies often focus on the above-ground part of plant biomass, and consider crop growth rates rather than individual plant growth rates. Nonetheless there is a strong corollary between the two approaches.
A set with an upper (respectively, lower) bound is said to be bounded from above or majorized [1] (respectively bounded from below or minorized) by that bound. The terms bounded above ( bounded below ) are also used in the mathematical literature for sets that have upper (respectively lower) bounds.
Note that this more general concept of boundedness does not correspond to a notion of "size". A subset S of a partially ordered set P is called bounded above if there is an element k in P such that k ≥ s for all s in S. The element k is called an upper bound of S. The concepts of bounded below and lower bound are defined similarly.
Epidermal cells are tightly linked to each other and provide mechanical strength and protection to the plant. Particularly, wavy pavement cells are suggested to play a pivotal role in preventing or guiding cracks in the epidermis. [4] The walls of the epidermal cells of the above-ground parts of plants contain cutin, and are covered with a cuticle.
For example, Runkle believed that regrowth should be 10–20 m (33–66 ft) above the ground. [2] Alternatively, a treefall gap is "the smallest gap [that must] be readily distinguishable amid the complexity of forest structure." [1] There is no upper limit in gap size. However, it must be caused by a tree or a large limb. [1]