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Liquid oxygen has a clear cyan color and is strongly paramagnetic: it can be suspended between the poles of a powerful horseshoe magnet. [2] Liquid oxygen has a density of 1.141 kg/L (1.141 g/ml), slightly denser than liquid water, and is cryogenic with a freezing point of 54.36 K (−218.79 °C; −361.82 °F) and a boiling point of 90.19 K (−182.96 °C; −297.33 °F) at 1 bar (14.5 psi).
Therefore, a simple rule of thumb is used in chemistry to determine whether a particle (atom, ion, or molecule) is paramagnetic or diamagnetic: [3] if all electrons in the particle are paired, then the substance made of this particle is diamagnetic; if it has unpaired electrons, then the substance is paramagnetic.
The most strongly diamagnetic material is bismuth, χ v = −1.66 × 10 −4, although pyrolytic carbon may have a susceptibility of χ v = −4.00 × 10 −4 in one plane. Nevertheless, these values are orders of magnitude smaller than the magnetism exhibited by paramagnets and ferromagnets.
With one unpaired electron μ eff values range from 1.8 to 2.5 μ B and with two unpaired electrons the range is 3.18 to 3.3 μ B. Note that low-spin complexes of Fe 2+ and Co 3+ are diamagnetic. Another group of complexes that are diamagnetic are square-planar complexes of d 8 ions such as Ni 2+ and Rh + and Au 3+.
Magnetic susceptibility indicates whether a material is attracted into or repelled out of a magnetic field. Paramagnetic materials align with the applied field and are attracted to regions of greater magnetic field. Diamagnetic materials are anti-aligned and are pushed away, toward regions of lower magnetic fields.
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Liquid oxygen is so magnetic that, in laboratory demonstrations, a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet. [37] [c] Singlet oxygen is a name given to several higher-energy species of molecular O 2 in which all the electron spins are paired.
The ortho and para forms of water have recently been isolated. Para water was found to be 25% more reactive for a proton-transfer reaction. [29] [30] Molecular oxygen (O 2) also exists in three lower-energy triplet states and one singlet state, as ground-state paramagnetic triplet oxygen and energized highly reactive diamagnetic singlet oxygen.