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algorithm fnv-1 is hash := FNV_offset_basis for each byte_of_data to be hashed do hash := hash × FNV_prime hash := hash XOR byte_of_data return hash. In the above pseudocode, all variables are unsigned integers. All variables, except for byte_of_data, have the same number of bits as the FNV hash. The variable, byte_of_data, is an 8-bit ...
It is also used in the WAP environment, where it is called variable length unsigned integer or uintvar. The DWARF debugging format [ 4 ] defines a variant called LEB128 (or ULEB128 for unsigned numbers), where the least significant group of 7 bits is encoded in the first byte, and the most significant bits are in the last byte (so effectively ...
C# supports unsigned in addition to the signed integer types. The unsigned types are byte, ushort, uint and ulong for 8, 16, 32 and 64 bit widths, respectively. Unsigned arithmetic operating on the types are supported as well. For example, adding two unsigned integers (uint s) still yields a uint as a result; not a long or signed integer.
The DWARF file format uses both unsigned and signed LEB128 encoding for various fields. [2] LLVM, in its Coverage Mapping Format [8] LLVM's implementation of LEB128 encoding and decoding is useful alongside the pseudocode above. [9].NET supports a "7-bit encoded int" format in the BinaryReader and BinaryWriter classes. [10]
For unsigned integers, the bitwise complement of a number is the "mirror reflection" of the number across the half-way point of the unsigned integer's range. For example, for 8-bit unsigned integers, NOT x = 255 - x , which can be visualized on a graph as a downward line that effectively "flips" an increasing range from 0 to 255, to a ...
Logical shifts can be useful as efficient ways to perform multiplication or division of unsigned integers by powers of two. Shifting left by n bits on a signed or unsigned binary number has the effect of multiplying it by 2 n. Shifting right by n bits on an unsigned binary number has the effect of dividing it by 2 n (rounding towards 0).
Adding an integer to a sequence number is simple unsigned integer addition, followed by unsigned modulo operation to bring the result back into range (usually implicit in the unsigned addition, on most architectures): s' = (s + n) modulo 2 SERIAL_BITS. Addition of a value below 0 or above 2 SERIAL_BITS−1 − 1 is undefined. Basically, adding ...
Thus, the algorithm runs at a "rate" of one multiplication per word of input. The same scheme can also be used for hashing integers, by interpreting their bits as vectors of bytes. In this variant, the vector technique is known as tabulation hashing and it provides a practical alternative to multiplication-based universal hashing schemes. [14]