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Connection establishment is a major contributor to latency as experienced by web users. [110] [111] TCP's three-way handshake introduces one RTT of latency during connection establishment before data can be sent. [111] For short flows, these delays are very significant. [112]
A TCP server may serve several clients concurrently by creating a unique dedicated socket for each client connection in a new child process or processing thread for each client. These are in the established state when a socket-to-socket virtual connection or virtual circuit (VC), also known as a TCP session , is established with the remote ...
Connection-oriented transport-layer protocols provide connection-oriented communications over connectionless communication systems. A connection-oriented transport layer protocol, such as TCP, may be based on a connectionless network-layer protocol such as IP, but still achieves in-order delivery of a byte-stream by means of segment sequence numbering on the sender side, packet buffering, and ...
listen() is used on the server side, and causes a bound TCP socket to enter listening state. connect() is used on the client side, and assigns a free local port number to a socket. In case of a TCP socket, it causes an attempt to establish a new TCP connection. accept() is used on the server side. It accepts a received incoming attempt to ...
Use of ECN on a TCP connection is optional; for ECN to be used, it must be negotiated at connection establishment by including suitable options in the SYN and SYN-ACK segments. When ECN has been negotiated on a TCP connection, the sender indicates that IP packets that carry TCP segments of that connection are carrying traffic from an ECN ...
The original and "native" transport protocol for XMPP is Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), using open-ended XML streams over long-lived TCP connections. As an alternative to the TCP transport, the XMPP community has also developed an HTTP transport for web clients as well as users behind restricted firewalls .
Class 4 is closest to TCP, although TCP contains functions, such as the graceful close, which OSI assigns to the session layer. Also, all OSI TP connection-mode protocol classes provide expedited data and preservation of record boundaries. Detailed characteristics of TP0–4 classes are shown in the following table: [29]
In TCP, the congestion window (CWND) is one of the factors that determines the number of bytes that can be sent out at any time. The congestion window is maintained by the sender and is a means of preventing a link between the sender and the receiver from becoming overloaded with too much traffic.