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Particulate matter (PM), particularly PM2.5, was found to be harmful to aquatic invertebrates. [41] These aquatic invertebrates include fish, crustaceans, and Mollusca. In a study by Han et al, the effects of PM<2.5 micrometers on life history traits and oxidative stress were observed in Tigriopus japonicus.
Health effects are concentrated among women, who are likely to be responsible for cooking, and young children. [109] The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that cooking-related pollution causes 3.8 million annual deaths. [110] The Global Burden of Disease study estimated the number of deaths in 2021 at 3.1 million. [111]
In terms of health effects, the guideline states that PM2.5 concentration of 10 is the lowest level at which total, cardiopulmonary and lung cancer mortality have been shown to increase with more than 95% confidence in response to long-term exposure to PM2.5. [2]
Exposure to air pollution was positively associated with an increased risk of stroke hospital admission (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3), incidence (PM2.5, SO2, and NO2), and mortality (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and NO2). [60] There is a "well-recognized link between PM2.5 and vascular injury and the role of vascular injury in dementia". [61]
On December 30, 2013, Hong Kong replaced the Air Pollution Index with a new index called the Air Quality Health Index. [17] This index, reported by the Environmental Protection Department, is measured on a scale of 1 to 10+ and considers four air pollutants: ozone; nitrogen dioxide; sulfur dioxide and particulate matter (including PM10 and PM2 ...
Humans are exposed to toxic chemicals and microplastics at all stages in the plastics life cycle. Microplastics effects on human health are of growing concern and an area of research. The tiny particles known as microplastics (MPs), have been found in various environmental and biological matrices, including air, water, food, and human tissues.
The largest US study on acute health effects of coarse particle pollution between 2.5 and 10 micrometers in diameter was published 2008 and found an association with hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases but no evidence of an association with the number of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases. [229]
In May 2014 the World Health Organization announced New Delhi as the most polluted city in the world. [50] In November 2016, the Great smog of Delhi was an environmental event which saw New Delhi and adjoining areas in a dense blanket of smog, which was the worst in 17 years. 2018 Air Pollution in New Delhi (PM2.5 AQI).