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The disorders may be underdiagnosed due to the lack of knowledge about the conditions and the limited availability of diagnostic tests. The group of patients with anti-LGI1 antibody associated limbic encephalitis have a male predominance and a mean age of about 60 years (variation 30–80 years). [ 6 ]
The neurological manifestations can be either acute or subacute and usually develop within six weeks. The clinical manifestations include behavioral and psychiatric symptoms, autonomic disturbances, movement disorders, and seizures. [1] Autoimmune encephalitis can result from a number of autoimmune diseases including: Rasmussen encephalitis
The number of cases of encephalitis has not changed much over time, with about 250,000 cases a year from 2005 to 2015 in the US. Approximately seven per 100,000 people were hospitalized for encephalitis in the US during this time. [34] In 2015, encephalitis was estimated to have affected 4.3 million people and resulted in 150,000 deaths worldwide.
Certain patterns of activity can be indicative of brain disease. In the case of anti-Hu encephalitis, temporal lobe electrical activity changes and the length of certain electrical waves known as delta and theta waves become slowed. [1] Before the diagnosis can be made, other causes of disease need to be ruled out.
Medical literature notes how managing the condition in a timely fashion can avoid worsening symptoms. [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Wernicke encephalopathy may be present in the general population with a prevalence of around 2%, and is considered underdiagnosed; probably, many cases are in patients who do not have commonly-associated symptoms.
If PRES was caused by pre-eclampsia or eclampsia the prognosis is better than in PRES due to other causes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Factors that predict poorer prognosis are the person's age, the level of C-reactive protein in the blood (a marker of inflammation), altered mental state at the time of diagnosis, and altered markers of coagulation . [ 1 ]
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) is a rodent-borne viral infectious disease that presents as aseptic meningitis, encephalitis or meningoencephalitis.Its causative agent is lymphocytic choriomeningitis mammarenavirus (LCMV), a member of the family Arenaviridae.
The estimated number of cases of the disease is 1.5 per million people per year. [7] According to the California Encephalitis Project, the disease has a higher incidence than its individual viral counterparts in patients younger than 30. [35] The largest case series as of 2013 characterized 577 people with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.
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