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Metabolism of ethanol forms acetaldehyde before acetaldehyde dehydrogenase forms acetic acid, but with the enzyme inhibited, acetaldehyde accumulates. If one consumes ethanol while taking disulfiram, the hangover effect of ethanol is felt more rapidly and intensely ( disulfiram-alcohol reaction ).
The reaction uses NAD + to convert the ethanol into acetaldehyde (a toxic carcinogen). The enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family ALDH2, EC 1.2.1.3) then converts the acetaldehyde into the non-toxic acetate ion (commonly found in acetic acid or vinegar). [4] [6] This ion is in turn is broken down into carbon dioxide ...
After ethanol becomes acetaldehyde, it continues breaking down into non-toxic byproducts. But some people’s enzymes work more slowly than others, which leaves them exposed to acetaldehyde and ...
The idea that acetaldehyde is the cause of the flush is also shown by the clinical use of disulfiram (Antabuse), which blocks the removal of acetaldehyde from the body via ALDH inhibition. The high acetaldehyde concentrations described share similarity to symptoms of the flush (flushing of the skin, accelerated heart rate, shortness of breath ...
For example, our DNA can be damaged by acetaldehyde, the toxic metabolite alcohol is broken down to in our body, or by the oxidative stress alcohol causes. ... Alcohol also alters hormone levels ...
The resulting intermediate, acetaldehyde, is a known carcinogen, and poses significantly greater toxicity in humans than ethanol itself. Many of the symptoms typically associated with alcohol intoxication—as well as many of the health hazards typically associated with the long-term consumption of ethanol—can be attributed to acetaldehyde ...
Acetaldehyde, the first by-product of ethanol, is between 10 and 30 times more toxic than alcohol itself [13] and can remain at an elevated plateau for many hours after initial ethanol consumption. [14] In addition, certain genetic factors can amplify the negative effects of acetaldehyde.
In addition to the toxicity of ethanol, the main psychoactive component of alcoholic beverages, other physiological symptoms may arise from the activity of acetaldehyde, a metabolite of alcohol. [11] These effects may not arise until hours after ingestion and may contribute to a condition colloquially known as a hangover.