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This timeline of volcanism on Earth includes a list of major volcanic eruptions of approximately at least magnitude 6 on the Volcanic explosivity index (VEI) or equivalent sulfur dioxide emission during the Quaternary period (from 2.58 Mya to the present). Other volcanic eruptions are also listed.
[2] [5] [6] Large eruptions can affect atmospheric temperature as ash and droplets of sulfuric acid obscure the Sun and cool Earth's troposphere. Historically, large volcanic eruptions have been followed by volcanic winters which have caused catastrophic famines. [7] Other planets besides Earth have volcanoes.
Hawaiian eruptions are a type of volcanic eruption named after the Hawaiian volcanoes, such as Mauna Loa, with this eruptive type is hallmark. Hawaiian eruptions are the calmest types of volcanic events, characterized by the effusive eruption of very fluid basalt-type lavas with low gaseous content. The volume of ejected material from Hawaiian ...
The volcanic island of Anak Krakatau in Indonesia saw an eruption on 22 December 2018 which caused a deadly tsunami, with waves surging up to five meters in height. The tsunami killed at least 437 ...
A volcanic eruption could just be a simple outpouring of material onto the surface of a planet, but they usually involve a complex mixture of solids, liquids and gases which behave in equally complex ways. [3] Some types of explosive eruptions can release energy a quarter that of an equivalent mass of TNT. [18]
In 2023, a total of 21,100 eruptions were recorded from the volcano, making it the second most active volcano in Indonesia. [5] On 16 May 2024, the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia raised its highest alert level (Red/IV) for Mount Ibu following another series of eruptions. [6] As a result, seven villages were evacuated. [7]
Such eruptions release a tephra volume of at least 10 km 3 (2.4 cu mi) with profound long-term effects on the surrounding area and noticeable short-term effects on global climate. For smaller volcanoes that have erupted at least 1 km 3 (0.24 cu mi) of tephra at a time, see Category:VEI-5 volcanoes.
The Kraffts were often the first to arrive at the scene of an active volcano, and became well known in the volcanologist community. [7] Their footage of the effects of volcanic eruptions on the surrounding areas often played a considerable part in gaining the cooperation of local authorities faced with volcanic threats.