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A stepped spillway of the James Bay Project in Canada A stepped spillway is a spillway with steps on the spillway chute to assist in the dissipation of the kinetic energy of the descending water. This reduces the need for an additional energy dissipator, such as a body of water, at the end of the spillway downstream.
The canal spillway of Laguna Diversion Dam, shown here, uses a baffle chute drop structure to pass water to a lower elevation. Drop structures can be classified into three different basic types: vertical hard basin, grouted sloping boulder, and baffle chute. Each type is built depending on water flow, steepness of the site, and location. [1]
A nature style aquascape, suggesting mountains. A contrasting approach is the "nature aquarium" or Japanese style, introduced in the 1990s by Takashi Amano. [1] Amano's three-volume series, Nature Aquarium World, sparked a wave of interest in aquarium gardening, and he has been cited as having "set a new standard in aquarium management". [9]
Plunge pools are formed by the natural force of falling water, such as at a waterfall or cascade; they also result from man-made structures such as some spillway designs. [3] Plunge pools are often very deep, generally related to the height of the fall, the volume of water, the resistance of the rock below the pool and other factors. [4]
A spillway is a structure used to provide the controlled release of water downstream from a dam or levee, typically into the riverbed of the dammed river itself. In the United Kingdom, they may be known as overflow channels. Spillways ensure that water does not damage parts of the structure not designed to convey water.
There are four main components of a chute spillway: [1] The elements of a spillway are the inlet, the vertical curve section (ogee curve), the steep-sloped channel and the outlet. In order to avoid a hydraulic jump , the slope of the spillway must be steep enough for the flow to remain supercritical.