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The actual ablation depth and surface shape will be slightly different from the theoretical Munnerlyn formula. Many factors must be taken into account at the time of the surgery. The sex, age, and race of the patient, and such things as the barometric pressure and ambient humidity will change slightly the required ablation.
When solute particles neither dissociate nor associate in solution, i equals 1 (e.g. glucose in water). The value of i is the actual number of particles in solution after dissociation divided by the number of formula units initially dissolved in solution and means the number of particles per formula unit of the solute when a solution is dilute.
The above efficiency formulas are based on simple idealized mathematical models of engines, with no friction and working fluids that obey simplified thermodynamic models. Real engines have many departures from ideal behavior that waste energy, reducing actual efficiencies below the theoretical values given above. Examples are: friction of ...
Measured values for actual systems will always be significantly less than these theoretical maxima. In Europe, the standard test conditions for ground source heat pump units use 308 K (35 °C; 95 °F) for and 273 K (0 °C; 32 °F) for . According to the above formula, the maximum theoretical COPs would be
When charged particles move in electric and magnetic fields the following two laws apply: Lorentz force law: = (+),; Newton's second law of motion: = =; where F is the force applied to the ion, m is the mass of the particle, a is the acceleration, Q is the electric charge, E is the electric field, and v × B is the cross product of the ion's velocity and the magnetic flux density.
If more than one formula is applicable in the flow regime under consideration, the choice of formula may be influenced by one or more of the following: Required accuracy; Speed of computation required; Available computational technology: calculator (minimize keystrokes) spreadsheet (single-cell formula) programming/scripting language (subroutine).
where A t is the actual value and F t is the forecast value. Their difference is divided by the actual value A t. The absolute value of this ratio is summed for every forecasted point in time and divided by the number of fitted points n.
Squared deviations from the mean (SDM) result from squaring deviations.In probability theory and statistics, the definition of variance is either the expected value of the SDM (when considering a theoretical distribution) or its average value (for actual experimental data).