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This illustration shows how the Imperial Japanese Navy used the measurement of the angle subtended by a ship to estimate the ship's angle on the bow. The target course was the most difficult piece of target data to obtain. In many cases, instead of measuring target course many systems measured a related quantity called angle on the bow. Angle ...
Note 1: Aperture-to-medium coupling loss is related to the ratio of the scatter angle to the antenna beamwidth. Note 2: The "very large antennas" are referred to in wavelengths; thus, this loss can apply to line-of-sight systems also.
Online Mie solution calculator is available, with documentation in German and English. Online Mie scattering calculator produces beautiful graphs over a range of parameters. phpMie Online Mie scattering calculator written on PHP. Mie resonance mediated light diffusion and random lasing. Mie solution for spherical particles.
The formula describes both the Thomson scattering of low energy photons (e.g. visible light) and the Compton scattering of high energy photons (e.g. x-rays and gamma-rays), showing that the total cross section and expected deflection angle decrease with increasing photon energy.
Often that measurement is converted into angular measurements such as milliradians ("mils" or "mrads") or minutes of angle (MOAs), which expresses the size of shot scatter regardless of the target distance. Thus, by using angular measurements, one can reliably compare the relative tightness of shot groupings fired at different distances.
The differential angular range of the scattered particle at angle θ is the solid angle element dΩ = sin θ dθ dφ. The differential cross section is the quotient of these quantities, dσ / dΩ . It is a function of the scattering angle (and therefore also the impact parameter), plus other observables such as the momentum of the ...
A Lambertian scatterer will then scatter this light according to the same cosine law as a Lambertian emitter. This means that although the radiance of the surface depends on the angle from the normal to the illuminating source, it will not depend on the angle from the normal to the observer.
the incident angle (angle at which the radar beam hits a particular portion of the target, which depends upon the shape of the target and its orientation to the radar source); the reflected angle (angle at which the reflected beam leaves the part of the target hit; it depends upon incident angle);