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Vanadium is a trace metal that is relatively abundant in the Earth (~100 part per million in the upper crust). [1] Vanadium is mobilized from minerals through weathering and transported to the ocean. Vanadium can enter the atmosphere through wind erosion and volcanic emissions [1] and will remain there until it is removed by precipitation. [1]
The concentration of vanadium in the blood of ascidian tunicates is as much as ten million times higher [specify] [102] [103] than the surrounding seawater, which normally contains 1 to 2 μg/L. [104] [105] The function of this vanadium concentration system and these vanadium-bearing proteins is still unknown, but the vanadocytes are later ...
Many physical processes over ocean surface generate sea salt aerosols. One common cause is the bursting of air bubbles, which are entrained by the wind stress during the whitecap formation. Another is tearing of drops from wave tops. [19] The total sea salt flux from the ocean to the atmosphere is about 3300 Tg (3.3 billion tonnes) per year. [20]
The vanadyl or oxovanadium(IV) cation, VO 2+, [1] is a functional group that is common in the coordination chemistry of vanadium. Complexes containing this functional group are characteristically blue and paramagnetic. A triple bond is proposed to exist between the V 4+ and O 2− centers. [2]
Vanabins (also known as vanadium-associated proteins or vanadium chromagen) are a group of vanadium-binding metalloproteins. Vanabins are found almost exclusively in the blood cells, or vanadocytes, of some tunicates (sea squirts), including the Ascidiacea. The vanabins extracted from tunicate vanadocytes are often called hemovanadins.
Vanadium compounds are compounds formed by the element vanadium (V). The chemistry of vanadium is noteworthy for the accessibility of the four adjacent oxidation states 2–5, whereas the chemistry of the other group 5 elements , niobium and tantalum , are somewhat more limited to the +5 oxidation state. [ 1 ]
Vanadocytes are of interest to biologists and chemists because they contain high levels of vanadium and vacuole of sulfuric acid with acid mass fraction as high as 9 wt%, both of which are typically toxic to living creatures. [5] Additionally, the vanadium complex itself is unstable, found almost exclusively in the air-oxidizable, +3 oxidation ...
It is one of the few known vanadium-containing proteins. [2] [3] The German chemist Martin Henze first detected vanadium in ascidians (sea squirts) in 1911. [4] [5] Unlike hemocyanin and hemoglobin, hemovanadin is not an oxygen carrier. [6] [7]