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Freezers should maintain a temperature between -50° and -15 °C (-58° and +5 °F). [14] Thermometers are useful to monitor the temperature by placing at the storage unit's central location, adjacent to the vaccines. Every vaccine storage unit must have a temperature monitoring device.
Moxifloxacin is an antibiotic, used to treat bacterial infections, [4] including pneumonia, conjunctivitis, endocarditis, tuberculosis, and sinusitis. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] It can be given by mouth, by injection into a vein , and as an eye drop .
It is estimated that $20 million is wasted annually from poor refrigeration [citation needed], and up to 35% of vaccines are affected by improper storage. Accurate and uniform temperature in a refrigerator plays a key role in ensuring the life of vaccines, reagents and other biologicals.
To minimize risks of bacterial growth, the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers' 1988 ASHRAE Standard 188 and subsequent ASHRAE Guideline 12-2000 increased recommended hot water generation and storage temperatures to 135–140 °F (57–60 °C) with minimum distribution temperatures of 124 °F (51 °C).
The USP Controlled Room Temperature is a series of United States Pharmacopeia guidelines for the storage of pharmaceuticals; [1] the relevant omnibus standard is USP 797. [2] [3] Although 100% compliance remains challenging for any given facility, [4] the larger protocol may be regarded as constituting a form of clean room [5] which is included in a suite of best practices.
For instance, for the shipping and storage of pharmaceuticals, the United States Pharmacopeia-National Formulary (USP-NF) defines controlled room temperature as between 20 and 25 °C (68 and 77 °F), with excursions between 15 and 30 °C (59 and 86 °F) allowed, provided the mean kinetic temperature does not exceed 25 °C (77 °F). [17]
A cold chain is a supply chain that uses refrigeration to maintain perishable goods, such as pharmaceuticals, produce or other goods that are temperature-sensitive. [1] Common goods, sometimes called cool cargo, [2] distributed in cold chains include fresh agricultural produce, [3] seafood, frozen food, photographic film, chemicals, and pharmaceutical products. [4]
An operating temperature is the allowable temperature range of the local ambient environment at which an electrical or mechanical device operates. The device will operate effectively within a specified temperature range which varies based on the device function and application context, and ranges from the minimum operating temperature to the maximum operating temperature (or peak operating ...