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The Hindu–Arabic numeral system (also known as the Indo–Arabic numeral system, [1] Hindu numeral system, and Arabic numeral system) [2] [note 1] is a positional base-ten numeral system for representing integers; its extension to non-integers is the decimal numeral system, which is presently the most common numeral system.
The Eastern Arabic numerals, also called Indo-Arabic numerals or Arabic-Indic numerals as known by Unicode, are the symbols used to represent numerical digits in conjunction with the Arabic alphabet in the countries of the Mashriq (the east of the Arab world), the Arabian Peninsula, and its variant in other countries that use the Persian numerals on the Iranian plateau and in Asia.
The Hindu–Arabic numeral system is a decimal place-value numeral system that uses a zero glyph as in "205". [1]Its glyphs are descended from the Indian Brahmi numerals.The full system emerged by the 8th to 9th centuries, and is first described outside India in Al-Khwarizmi's On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals (ca. 825), and second Al-Kindi's four-volume work On the Use of the Indian ...
The reception of Arabic numerals in the West was gradual and lukewarm, as other numeral systems circulated in addition to the older Roman numbers. As a discipline, the first to adopt Arabic numerals as part of their own writings were astronomers and astrologists, evidenced from manuscripts surviving from mid-12th-century Bavaria.
The 2, 8, and 9 resemble Arabic numerals more than Eastern Arabic numerals or Indian numerals. The Liber Abaci or Liber Abbaci [ 1 ] ( Latin for "The Book of Calculation") was a 1202 Latin work on arithmetic by Leonardo of Pisa, posthumously known as Fibonacci .
The Hindu–Arabic numeral system then spread to Europe due to merchants trading, and the digits used in Europe are called Arabic numerals, as they learned them from the Arabs. The simplest numeral system is the unary numeral system, in which every natural number is represented by a corresponding
A milestone which uses both Tamil and Indo-Arabic Numerals (Tanjore Palace Museum). Modern Tamil numerals featured on a 100 Mauritian rupee note. The Tamil language has number words and dedicated symbols for them in the Tamil script.
Al-Khwarizmi's work on arithmetic was responsible for introducing the Arabic numerals, based on the Hindu–Arabic numeral system developed in Indian mathematics, to the Western world. The term "algorithm" is derived from the algorism , the technique of performing arithmetic with Hindu-Arabic numerals developed by al-Khwārizmī.