Search results
Results From The WOW.Com Content Network
In computer programming, specifically when using the imperative programming paradigm, an assertion is a predicate (a Boolean-valued function over the state space, usually expressed as a logical proposition using the variables of a program) connected to a point in the program, that always should evaluate to true at that point in code execution.
unittest adheres to a more verbose syntax because it is inspired by the Java programming language's JUnit, as are most unit testing libraries; pytest achieves the same while intercepting Python's built-in assert calls, making the approach more concise. [8]: 32 [6]
assert_equal (x, y); assert_not_equal (x, y); But this leads to an explosion in the number of assertion macros, as the above set is expanded to support comparisons different from simple equality. So "third generation" unit test frameworks use a library such as Hamcrest to support an 'assert_that' operator that can be combined with 'matcher ...
Common programming languages like Python, [3] PHP, [4] JavaScript, [citation needed] C++ and Java support assertions by default, which can be used to define class invariants. A common pattern to implement invariants in classes is for the constructor of the class to throw an exception if the invariant is not satisfied.
Since 7 October 2024, Python 3.13 is the latest stable release, and it and, for few more months, 3.12 are the only releases with active support including for bug fixes (as opposed to just for security) and Python 3.9, [55] is the oldest supported version of Python (albeit in the 'security support' phase), due to Python 3.8 reaching end-of-life.
Python sets are very much like mathematical sets, and support operations like set intersection and union. Python also features a frozenset class for immutable sets, see Collection types. Dictionaries (class dict) are mutable mappings tying keys and corresponding values. Python has special syntax to create dictionaries ({key: value})
C does not provide direct support to exception handling: it is the programmer's responsibility to prevent errors in the first place and test return values from the functions. In any case, a possible way to implement exception handling in standard C is to use setjmp/longjmp functions:
In some programming language environments (at least one proprietary Lisp implementation, for example), [citation needed] the value used as the null pointer (called nil in Lisp) may actually be a pointer to a block of internal data useful to the implementation (but not explicitly reachable from user programs), thus allowing the same register to be used as a useful constant and a quick way of ...