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Because of the large pressures, over geologic time, the sima flows like a very viscous liquid, so, in a real sense, the sial floats on the sima, in isostatic equilibrium. [9] Mountains extend down as well as up, much like icebergs on the ocean; [9] so that on the continental plates, the sial runs between 5 km and 70 km deep. [10]
The thin parts are the oceanic crust, which underlies the ocean basins (5–10 km) and is mafic-rich [9] (dense iron-magnesium silicate mineral or igneous rock). [10] The thicker crust is the continental crust , which is less dense [ 11 ] and is felsic -rich (igneous rocks rich in elements that form feldspar and quartz ). [ 12 ]
Therefore, the seismologists of that time considered that the Conrad discontinuity should correspond to a sharply defined contact between the chemically distinct two layers, sial and sima. [2] Despite the fact that sial and sima are two solid layers, the lighter sial is thought to "float" on top of the denser sima layer.
The thickness of Earth's crust (km). The continental crust consists of various layers, with a bulk composition that is intermediate (SiO 2 wt% = 60.6). [5] The average density of the continental crust is about, 2.83 g/cm 3 (0.102 lb/cu in), [6] less dense than the ultramafic material that makes up the mantle, which has a density of around 3.3 g/cm 3 (0.12 lb/cu in).
Sima often takes the form of basalt when on the surface. In geology, sima (/ ˈ s aɪ m ə /) is an antiquated [1] blended term for the lower layer of Earth's crust. This layer is made of rocks rich in magnesium silicate minerals. Typically, when the sima comes to the surface, it is basalt, so sometimes this layer is called the 'ocean layer' of ...
PDF-XChange Viewer (now superseded by the PDF-XChange Editor) is a freemium PDF reader for Microsoft Windows. It supports saving PDF forms and importing or exporting form data in FDF/XFDF format. Since version 2.5, there has been partial support for XFA, and exporting form data in XML Data Package (XDP) or XML format.
An interactive viewer for large phylogenetic trees and networks: All [22] DensiTree A viewer capable of viewing multiple overlaid trees. All [23] FigTree: Simple Java tree viewer able to read newick and nexus tree files. Can be used to color branches and produce vector artwork. All [24] JEvTrace
Concept mapping and mind mapping software is used to create diagrams of relationships between concepts, ideas, or other pieces of information. It has been suggested that the mind mapping technique can improve learning and study efficiency up to 15% over conventional note-taking. [1]