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Ruins of Madrid's Muslim wall, built in the 9th century. The primitive urban nucleus of Madrid (Majriṭ) was founded in the late 9th century (from 852 to 886) as a citadel erected on behalf of Muhammad I, the Cordobese emir, on the relatively steep left bank of the Manzanares. [1]
1831 – Bolsa de Madrid founded. [11] 1832 – Lhardy patisserie in business. [12] 1835 – Ateneo de Madrid founded. 1836 Biblioteca Nacional established. [7] Literary University relocates to Madrid. 1840 – Monumento a los Caidos por España inaugurated. 1843 – Museo Naval de Madrid inaugurated. [13] 1850 – Teatro Real opera house opens.
The 1979 municipal election brought Madrid's first democratically elected mayor since the Second Republic to power. Madrid was the scene of some of the most important events of the time, such as the mass demonstrations of support for democracy after the failed coup, 23-F, on 23 February 1981.
Ideas of the Age of Enlightenment entered Spain [a] and Spanish America [b] during the eighteenth century. The invasion of the Iberian Peninsula by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Peninsular War upended the stability of the Spanish state and empire and although France was defeated, the turmoil in Spain led to the Spanish American wars of independence ...
The Duke of Wellington fought Napoleon's forces in the Peninsular War, with Joseph Bonaparte playing a minor role as king at Madrid. The brutal war was one of the first guerrilla wars in modern Western history. French supply lines stretching across Spain were mauled repeatedly by the Spanish armies and guerrilla forces; thereafter, Napoleon's ...
The Republic of Spanish Haiti gained independence from Spain in 1821, was occupied by Haiti, then gained independence as the First Dominican Republic; reoccupied by Spain 1861-1865, the Second Dominican Republic gained independence but was occupied by the United States 1916-1924. The Third Dominican Republic followed the U.S. occupation. 28
Initial independence declared in 1911, first Mongolian state founded 1203. January 14, 1922 Central American Federation: El Salvador: Independence restored after brief attempt at reunifying Central America, initial independence in 1841. January 14, 1922 Central American Federation: Guatemala
Nicaragua becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain 5 November 1838: Independence from Federal Republic of Central America: 24 July 1850: Independence recognized by Spain Panama: 11 October 1972: Constitution of Panama established 3 November 1903: Independence from Colombia: 31 December 1999