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  2. Inverse transform sampling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_transform_sampling

    Inverse transform sampling (also known as inversion sampling, the inverse probability integral transform, the inverse transformation method, or the Smirnov transform) is a basic method for pseudo-random number sampling, i.e., for generating sample numbers at random from any probability distribution given its cumulative distribution function.

  3. Proportionality (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)

    In mathematics, two sequences of numbers, often experimental data, are proportional or directly proportional if their corresponding elements have a constant ratio. The ratio is called coefficient of proportionality (or proportionality constant) and its reciprocal is known as constant of normalization (or normalizing constant).

  4. Inverse probability weighting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_probability_weighting

    Inverse probability weighting is a statistical technique for estimating quantities related to a population other than the one from which the data was collected. Study designs with a disparate sampling population and population of target inference (target population) are common in application. [1] There may be prohibitive factors barring ...

  5. Inverse problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_problem

    An inverse problem in science is the process of calculating from a set of observations the causal factors that produced them: for example, calculating an image in X-ray computed tomography, source reconstruction in acoustics, or calculating the density of the Earth from measurements of its gravity field. It is called an inverse problem because ...

  6. Inverse-variance weighting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse-variance_weighting

    In statistics, inverse-variance weighting is a method of aggregating two or more random variables to minimize the variance of the weighted average. Each random variable is weighted in inverse proportion to its variance (i.e., proportional to its precision). Given a sequence of independent observations yi with variances σi2, the inverse ...

  7. Distance of closest approach - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_of_closest_approach

    The distance of closest approach of two objects is the distance between their centers when they are externally tangent. The objects may be geometric shapes or physical particles with well-defined boundaries. The distance of closest approach is sometimes referred to as the contact distance. For the simplest objects, spheres, the distance of ...

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