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Serbs in the Ottoman Empire were maltreated and accused of being Serbian agents. [9] Panic ensued, and Serbs, primarily from the border areas fled to Serbia. [9] Albanians who participated in the Greco-Turkish War (1897) used weapons not turned in to the authorities against the Serbs in Old Serbia. [10]
Uğur Ümit Üngör, a Dutch–Turkish historian and professor of genocide studies, explains that the mass violence and enslavement which occurred in the late Ottoman Empire and its successor state includes, but is not limited to, the Adana massacre; the persecution of Muslims during Ottoman contraction; the Armenian, Greek, and Assyrian genocides; the 1921 Koçgiri massacres; "the mass ...
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During the Armenian genocide, which occurred in the Ottoman Empire, led at the time by the Young Turks, the Turkish armed forces, militias, and members of the public engaged in a systematic campaign of genocidal rape against female Armenians and children of both sexes. Before the genocide had begun, one method used to intimidate the Armenian ...
Roger Owen and Şevket Pamuk estimate that during the last decade of the Ottoman Empire (1912–1922), when the Balkan Wars, the First World War and the War of Independence took place in areas that were later to become part of Turkey, the "total casualties, military and civilian, of Muslims during this decade are estimated as close to two million."
The Arab Revolt (Arabic: الثورة العربية al-Thawra al-'Arabiyya), also known as the Great Arab Revolt (الثورة العربية الكبرى al-Thawra al-'Arabiyya al-Kubrā), was an armed uprising by the Hashemite-led Arabs of the Hejaz [10] against the Ottoman Empire amidst the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I.
The eastern provinces of the Ottoman Empire were historically insecure; [17] the Kurdish rebels attacked the inhabitants of towns and villages with impunity. [18] In 1890–91, at a time when the empire was either too weak and disorganized or reluctant to halt them, Sultan Abdul Hamid gave semi-official status to the Kurdish bandits.
Jilu Assyrians crossing the Asadabad Pass towards Baqubah, 1918. The Sayfo (Syriac: ܣܲܝܦܵܐ, lit. ' sword '), also known as the Seyfo or the Assyrian genocide, was the mass murder and deportation of Assyrian/Syriac Christians in southeastern Anatolia and Persia's Azerbaijan province by Ottoman forces and some Kurdish tribes during World War I.