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Modern sonic configurations with pingers and microphones at both ends of the log, combined with computer analysis, minimize the averaging somewhat. Averaging is an advantage when the formation is being evaluated for seismic parameters, a different area of formation evaluation. A special log, the Long Spaced Sonic, is sometimes used for this ...
The SPWLA definition of Formation Evaluation is: "The analysis and interpretation of well-log data, drill-stem tests, etc. in terms of the nature of the formations and their fluid content. The objectives of formation evaluation are to ascertain if commercially producible hydrocarbons (or other forms of energy and minerals) are present,
Earthquake prediction is a branch of the science of seismology concerned with the specification of the time, location, and magnitude of future earthquakes within stated limits, [1] [a] and particularly "the determination of parameters for the next strong earthquake to occur in a region". [2]
When gamma ray from formation enters the crystal, it undergoes successive collisions with the atoms of the crystal, resulting in a short flashes of light when the gamma-ray is absorbed. The light is detected by the photomultiplier, which converts the energy into an electric pulse with amplitude proportional to the gamma-ray energy.
In the field of formation evaluation, porosity is one of the key measurements to quantify oil and gas reserves. Neutron porosity measurement employs a neutron source to measure the hydrogen index in a reservoir, which is directly related to porosity.
The master of science is mostly a research degree, except for some types of programs held with cooperation of foreign universities. The student typically attends courses in the first year of the program and should then prepare a research thesis. Publishing two research papers is recommended and will increase the final evaluation grade.
A primary kinetic isotope effect (PKIE) may be found when a bond to the isotopically labeled atom is being formed or broken. [3] [4]: 427 Depending on the way a KIE is probed (parallel measurement of rates vs. intermolecular competition vs. intramolecular competition), the observation of a PKIE is indicative of breaking/forming a bond to the isotope at the rate-limiting step, or subsequent ...
[47] [48] Responsibility for conducting these operations rest with Army Multi-Domain Task Forces and a new space formation called the Theater Strike Effects Group. [49] However, the Army is no longer looking to develop and deploy its own constellations of satellites.