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Topical atropine is used as a cycloplegic, to temporarily paralyze the accommodation reflex, and as a mydriatic, to dilate the pupils. [15] Atropine degrades slowly, typically wearing off in 7 to 14 days, so it is generally used as a therapeutic mydriatic, whereas tropicamide (a shorter-acting cholinergic antagonist) or phenylephrine (an α-adrenergic agonist) is preferred as an aid to ...
The mechanisms of sympathomimetic drugs can be direct-acting (direct interaction between drug and receptor), such as α-adrenergic agonists, β-adrenergic agonists, and dopaminergic agonists; or indirect-acting (interaction not between drug and receptor), such as MAOIs, COMT inhibitors, release stimulants, and reuptake inhibitors that increase the levels of endogenous catecholamines.
Beta blockers work by blocking the effects of adrenaline, aka slowing your heart rate and reducing those physical signs and symptoms of nervousness and anxiety, he explained.
Ipratropium nasal spray may interact with certain medications for depression, anxiety, or other mental health conditions, certain medications for Parkinson's disease such as benztropine and trihexyphenidyl, atropine, certain antihistamines for allergy, cough, and cold, certain medications for bladder problems such as oxybutynin and tolterodine ...
Beta blockers reduce anxiety by decreasing heart rate and preventing shaking. Beta blockers include propranolol, oxprenolol, and metoprolol. [33] [34] The alpha-1 antagonist prazosin could be effective for PTSD. [35] The alpha-2 agonists clonidine and guanfacine have demonstrated both anxiolytic and anxiogenic effects. [36]
MDMA (Midomafetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, "ecstasy") – serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent and 5-HT 1 and 5-HT 2 receptor agonist – specifically under development as an aid to psychotherapy for post-traumatic stress disorder [11] [12] [13]
Beta adrenergic agonists or beta agonists are medications that relax muscles of the airways, causing widening of the airways and resulting in easier breathing. [1] They are a class of sympathomimetic agents, each acting upon the beta adrenoceptors . [ 2 ]
Beta-3 blocker will inactivate beta-3 receptor and stops the following action. [7] Beta 3 receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor, similar to beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. [7] The receptor is involved in G-as activation. [7] The receptor will also stimulate adenylyl cyclase. [7]