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The Kroll process is a pyrometallurgical industrial process used to produce metallic titanium from titanium tetrachloride. As of 2001 William Justin Kroll 's process replaced the Hunter process for almost all commercial production.
A process for electrochemical production of titanium through the reduction of titanium oxide in a calcium chloride solution was first described in a 1904 German patent, [1] [2] [3] and in 1954 U.S. patent 2845386A was awarded to Carl Marcus Olson for the production of metals like titanium by reduction of the metal oxide by a molten salt reducing agent in a specific gravity apparatus.
The titanium is fed into the process in form of ore together with the coke. Titanium ore is a mixture of oxides. The added O 2 leaves the process with the product TiO 2, the added coke leaves the process together with the added oxygen from the titanium ore in form of CO and CO 2. The other fed metals leave the process in form of metal chlorides ...
In the direct powder rolling (DPR) process BE powder is used to produce sheet and plate and composite multilayered sheet and plates. Sheets between 1.27 and 2.54 mm and 50 to 99+% dense of single layer CP titanium, Ti Grade 5, TiAl (Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb) and composite Ti/Grade 5/Ti and Grade 5/TiAl/Grade 5 have been produced by DPR and sintering.
The main limiting factor for the usefulness of the Hunter process is the difficulty of separating the produced NaCl from the titanium. The vapor pressure of NaCl produced in the Hunter process is lower than the vapor pressure of MgCl 2 produced by the Kroll process. Thus it is difficult to separate the NaCl from the titanium using distillation ...
The van Arkel–de Boer process, also known as the iodide process or crystal-bar process, was the first industrial process for the commercial production of pure ductile titanium, zirconium and some other metals. It was developed by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer in 1925 for Philips Nv.
The HAMR technology also entails a two step process, starting with TiO 2 under an atmosphere of hydrogen gas. The product TiH 2 can be further processed to titanium metal through standard methods. The reduction of titanium oxides to titanium metal using magnesium does not occur. The novelty of the HAMR process is the inclusion of hydrogen. [3]
In the early 1920s Van Arkel, together with Jan Hendrik de Boer, working for Philips NV, developed the Van Arkel–de Boer process for the preparation of pure titanium: the decomposition of the vapor of titanium tetrachloride on an incandescent tungsten filament. This method was later used for other metals, including zirconium and hafnium.