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This is a list including all rulers who had carried the title of emperor or who ruled over an empire through history. Some titles meaning "emperor" might not have been used in the context like "padishah" under the Kingdom of Afghanistan or "tsar" under Kingdom of Bulgaria .
Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]
The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans (Latin: Imperator Romanorum; German: Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period [1] (Latin: Imperator Germanorum; German: Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser), was the ruler and head of state of the Holy Roman Empire.
The following is a list of imperial elections in the Holy Roman Empire. Entries in italics are for elections where the claim of the man elected to be King of the Romans was disputed. Election
Holy Roman Empire: 962: 1806: 844 Hospitaller Colonial Empire: 1651: 1665: 14 Hotak Dynasty: 1709: 1738: 29 Hoysala Empire: 1026: 1343: 317 Hunnic Empire: 370: 469: 99 Kingdom of Hungary: 1000: 1918: 918 Kingdom of Hungary (1920-1946) 1920: 1946: 26 Husainid Dynasty: 1705: 1957: 252 Idrisid Dynasty: 788: 974: 186 Iberian Union: 1580: 1640: 60 ...
Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Germany; Emperors Elect, Kings – Leopold I, Emperor Elect, King (1658–1705) Joseph I, Emperor Elect (1705–1711), King (1690–1711) Charles VI, Emperor Elect, King (1711–1740) Charles VII, Emperor Elect, King (1742–1745) Francis I, Emperor Elect (1745–1765), King (1745–1764)
Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Germany (complete list, complete list) – Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1084–1105), King (1053–1087) Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor (1111–1125), King (1099–1125) Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor (1133–1137), King (1125–1137) Conrad III, King (1138–1152) Henry Berengar, co-King (1138–1150) Frederick I ...
The Holy Roman Empire, [f] also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor. [16] It developed in the Early Middle Ages , and lasted for a millennium until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars .