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The word hypnagogia is sometimes used in a restricted sense to refer to the onset of sleep, and contrasted with hypnopompia, Frederic Myers's term for waking up. [2] However, hypnagogia is also regularly employed in a more general sense that covers both falling asleep and waking up.
Apophenia (/ æ p oʊ ˈ f iː n i ə /) is the tendency to perceive meaningful connections between unrelated things. [1]The term (German: Apophänie from the Greek verb: ἀποφαίνειν, romanized: apophaínein) was coined by psychiatrist Klaus Conrad in his 1958 publication on the beginning stages of schizophrenia. [2]
Closed-eye hallucinations and closed-eye visualizations (CEV) are hallucinations that occur when one's eyes are closed or when one is in a darkened room. They should not be confused with phosphenes, perceived light and shapes when pressure is applied to the eye's retina, or some other non-visual external cause stimulates the eye.
Sleep paralysis is a state, during waking up or falling asleep, in which a person is conscious but in a complete state of full-body paralysis. [1] [2] During an episode, the person may hallucinate (hear, feel, or see things that are not there), which often results in fear. [1] [3] Episodes generally last no more than a few minutes. [2]
Exploding head syndrome (EHS) is an abnormal sensory perception during sleep in which a person experiences auditory hallucinations that are loud and of short duration when falling asleep or waking up. [2] [4] The noise may be frightening, typically occurs only occasionally, and is not a serious health concern. [2]
Microsleep is extremely dangerous when it occurs in situations that demand constant alertness, such as driving a motor vehicle or working with heavy machinery. People who experience microsleeps often remain unaware of them, instead believing themselves to have been awake the whole time, or to have temporarily lost focus.
Racing thoughts refers to the rapid thought patterns that often occur in manic, hypomanic, or mixed episodes.While racing thoughts are most commonly described in people with bipolar disorder and sleep apnea, they are also common with anxiety disorders, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), and other psychiatric disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
They may include fully formed images, such as human figures or scenes, angelic figures, or unformed phenomena, like flashes of light or geometric patterns. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Visual hallucinations are not restricted to the transitional states of awakening or falling asleep and are a hallmark of various neurological and psychiatric conditions. [ 3 ]