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Hummingbird Phaethornis longirostris on an Etlingera inflorescence. Ornithophily or bird pollination is the pollination of flowering plants by birds.This sometimes (but not always) coevolutionary association is derived from insect pollination (entomophily) and is particularly well developed in some parts of the world, especially in the tropics, Southern Africa, and on some island chains. [1]
Of these, O. chamaedrifolia is distinctive in its long, red or orange-red, glabrous, tubular corollas. [8] Although the pollination biology of O. chamaedrifolia has not been studied, the colour, shape and vertical orientation of its corollas suggests hummingbird pollination.
The primary pollinators are hummingbirds, although bees, butterflies, and flies will also visit flowers. [4] Despite several floral adaptations to hummingbird pollination, at ~9,000-10,000 feet in elevation in the eastern drainages of the central Sierra Nevada mountains of California, A. formosa forms hybrid zones with Aquilegia pubescens ...
Hummingbirds are the main pollinators of heliconia flowers in many locations. The concurrent diversification of hummingbird-pollinated taxa in the order Zingiberales and the hummingbird family (Trochilidae: Phaethorninae) starting 18 million years ago supports the idea that these radiations have influenced one another through evolutionary time.
Dudleya pulverulenta exhibits a pollination syndrome uniquely adapted to hummingbirds.The flowers have long red petal tubes (corollas) and are unscented. The flowers hang downward (), achieved by a twist at the base of the terminal inflorescence branches, known as the cincinni, which inverts the flowers from the typically erect or ascending position seen in other Dudleya.
Firebush has orangish-red tubular flowers, which recruit hummingbirds and butterflies for pollination. [4] The corollas vary greatly in length, making them attractive to a wide range of pollinators. [5] The fruit is a small dark red berry, turning black at maturity. [6]
One species lacking scent, the red-flowered Brugmansia sanguinea, is pollinated by long-billed hummingbirds. [4] Brugmansia have two main stages to their life cycle. In the initial vegetative stage the young seedling grows straight up on usually a single stalk, until it reaches its first main fork at 80–150 cm (2.6–4.9 ft) high.
As nectar is a primary food source for sunbirds, they are important pollinators in African ecosystems. Sunbird-pollinated flowers are typically long, tubular, and red-to-orange in colour, showing convergent evolution with many hummingbird-pollinated flowers in the Americas. [10]