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Steel is an alloy composed of between 0.2 and 2.0 percent carbon, with the balance being iron. From prehistory through the creation of the blast furnace, iron was produced from iron ore as wrought iron, 99.82–100 percent Fe, and the process of making steel involved adding carbon to iron, usually in a serendipitous manner, in the forge, or via the cementation process.
The American Steel Industry, 1850–1970: A Geographical Interpretation (1973) (ISBN 0198232144) Whaples, Robert. "Andrew Carnegie", EH.Net Encyclopedia of Economic and Business History online; U.S. Steel's History of U.S. Steel; Urofsky, Melvin I. Big Steel and the Wilson Administration: A Study in Business-Government Relations (1969) Spiegel ...
For each commodity they quote a range (low and high price) which reflect the buying and selling about 9-fold due to China's transition from light to heavy industry and its focus on manufacturing. [2] China became the world's largest consumer of iron ore in 2003, [ 3 ] and accounts for over half of global metal consumption.) [ 4 ]
The Steel Industry of China: Its Present Status and Future Potential (1999) Hogan, William T. Minimills and Integrated Mills: A Comparison of Steelmaking in the United States (1987) Meny, Yves. Politics of Steel: Western Europe and the Steel Industry in the Crisis Years (1974–1984) (1986) Scheuerman, William.
The tariff represented a complex balance of forces. Railroads, for example, consumed vast quantities of steel. To the extent tariffs raised steel prices, they paid much more making possible the U.S. steel industry's massive investment to expand capacity and switch to the Bessemer process and later to the open hearth furnace. Between 1867 and ...
The steel crisis was a recession in the global steel market during the 1973–1975 recession and early 1980s recession following the post–World War II economic expansion and the 1973 oil crisis, further compounded by the 1979 oil crisis, and lasted well into the 1980s.
By the 1970s, imported foreign steel was proving cheaper than domestically produced steel, [25] and Bethlehem Steel faced growing competition from mini-mills and smaller-scale operations that could sell steel at lower prices. In 1982, Bethlehem Steel reported a loss of US$1.5 billion, and promptly shut down much of its operations.
The industry argued that steel tariffs imposed in 2018 boosted steel prices, profits, and employment. They have also publicly called for stricter enforcement of trade laws and increased tariffs on steel-intensive products from China and Southeast Asia. [21]