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In coordination chemistry, a coordinate covalent bond, [1] also known as a dative bond, [2] dipolar bond, [1] or coordinate bond [3] is a kind of two-center, two-electron covalent bond in which the two electrons derive from the same atom. The bonding of metal ions to ligands involves this kind of interaction. [4]
However, these ligands also form dative covalent bonds like the L-type. [2] This type of ligand is not usually used because in certain situations it can be written in terms of L and X. For example, if a Z ligand is accompanied by an L type, it can be written as X 2. Examples of these ligands are Lewis acids, such as BR 3. [3]
Lewis had suggested in 1916 that two atoms are held together in a chemical bond by sharing a pair of electrons. [18] When each atom contributed one electron to the bond, it was called a covalent bond. When both electrons come from one of the atoms, it was called a dative covalent bond or coordinate bond. The distinction is not very clear-cut.
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σ bonding from electrons in CO's HOMO to metal center d-orbital. π backbonding from electrons in metal center d-orbital to CO's LUMO. The electrons are partially transferred from a d-orbital of the metal to anti-bonding molecular orbitals of CO (and its analogs). This electron-transfer strengthens the metal–C bond and weakens the C–O bond.
Formal charges in ozone and the nitrate anion. In chemistry, a formal charge (F.C. or q*), in the covalent view of chemical bonding, is the hypothetical charge assigned to an atom in a molecule, assuming that electrons in all chemical bonds are shared equally between atoms, regardless of relative electronegativity.
As such, the predicted shape and bond angle of sp 3 hybridization is tetrahedral and 109.5°. This is in open agreement with the true bond angle of 104.45°. The difference between the predicted bond angle and the measured bond angle is traditionally explained by the electron repulsion of the two lone pairs occupying two sp 3 hybridized orbitals.
A covalent bond forming H 2 (right) where two hydrogen atoms share the two electrons. A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs.