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Root-knot nematode females lay eggs into a gelatinous matrix produced by six rectal glands and secreted before and during egg laying. [19] The matrix initially forms a canal through the outer layers of root tissue and later surrounds the eggs, providing a barrier to water loss by maintaining a high moisture level around the eggs. [ 20 ]
The eggs measure 50 to 60 μm by 20 to 30 μm, and have a thick shell flattened on one side. [18] The small size and colourlessness of the eggs make them invisible to the naked eye, except in barely visible clumps of thousands of eggs. Eggs may contain a developing embryo or a fully developed pinworm larva. [18] The larvae grow to 140–150 μm ...
Worm bagging (also referred to as facultative vivipary or endotokia matricida) is a form of vivipary observed in nematodes, namely Caenorhabditis elegans. The process is characterized by eggs hatching within the parent and the larvae proceeding to consume and emerge from the parent. [1]
Histomonas meleagridis reproduces by binary fission.The free trophozoites are very delicate and can survive only for a few hours in the external environment. However, when they are transmitted between flocks in the eggs of Heterakis gallinarum, a cecal nematode, which in turn can be transmitted by earthworms that ingested the nematode eggs, they gain entry into the nematode eggs.
The direct counting of nematode eggs in feces is the method of choice for yearling animals, whereas in adult animals it may yield high variability due to a cow's immunity and low egg output. [41] Other biochemical methods have been developed to help more accurately diagnose O. ostertagi parasitism. These include the determination of specific ...
The release of oocytes (eggs) in female worms does not depend upon the presence of a male worm, although they may attract male worms using unidentified pheromones. [8] The first larval stage, microfilariae , are 300 μm in length and unsheathed, meaning that when they mature into microfilariae, they exit from the envelope of the egg.
The egg is about 70–85 μm long by 44 μm wide, and the early stages of cleavage contain between 16 and 32 cells. The adult female is 18–30 millimetres ( 3 ⁄ 4 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 8 in) long and is easily recognized by its trademark "barber pole" coloration.
A complete reproductive lifecycle of the stem and bulb nematode is 19–25 days (egg to egg). Reproduction takes place in succulent, rapidly growing tissues or in storage organs and continues throughout. [13] A female can lay 200–500 eggs in her lifespan. [12] However, if conditions are unfavorable, the nematodes can halt their lifecycle. [13]