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The impulse energy of the water jet exerts torque on the bucket-and-wheel system, spinning the wheel; the water jet does a "u-turn" and exits at the outer sides of the bucket, decelerated to a low velocity. In the process, the water jet's momentum is transferred to the wheel and hence to a turbine. Thus, "impulse" energy does work on the turbine.
Fig-3: Schematic Diagram of Pressure compounded Impulse Turbine. The pressure compounded Impulse turbine is also called a Rateau turbine, after its inventor. This is used to solve the problem of high blade velocity in the single-stage impulse turbine. It consists of alternate rings of nozzles and turbine blades.
A steam turbine with the case opened Humming of a small pneumatic turbine used in a German 1940s-vintage safety lamp. A turbine (/ ˈ t ɜːr b aɪ n / or / ˈ t ɜːr b ɪ n /) (from the Greek τύρβη, tyrbē, or Latin turbo, meaning vortex) [1] [2] is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work.
The first impulse type turbine was created by Carl Gustaf de Laval in 1883. This was closely followed by the first practical reaction type turbine in 1884, built by Charles Parsons . Parsons’ first design was a multi-stage axial-flow unit, which George Westinghouse acquired and began manufacturing in 1895, while General Electric acquired de ...
In 1775 at Soho James Watt designed a reaction turbine that was put to work there. [9] In 1807, Polikarp Zalesov designed and constructed an impulse turbine, using it for the fire pump operation. [10] In 1827 the Frenchmen Real and Pichon patented and constructed a compound impulse turbine. [11]
Most practical radial outflow turbines are Reaction-type turbines, whereas the converse, radial inflow turbines can be either reaction type, impulse type (in the case of a typical turbo-supercharger), or intermediate (in the case of Francis turbines for example.)
There were two prime results of Pelton's design: it consolidated the introduction of a new physical science into the ancient human quest to develop hydropower, i.e., the science of the impulse turbine as opposed to the reaction turbine; and it revolutionized the use of turbines adapted for high head (i.e., elevation
The degree of reaction contributes to the stage efficiency and thus used as a design parameter. Stages having 50% degree of reaction are used where the pressure drop is equally shared by the stator and the rotor for a turbine. Figure 4. Velocity triangle for Degree of Reaction = 1/2 in a turbine