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Caecus, who was originally called Appius Claudius Crassus, [7] was born into the patrician clan of the Claudii, one of the most important Roman families of the time, whose members had held executive offices of state since the beginning of the Republic.
In reality, however, Rome remained an oligarchy, since the critical laws were still enacted by the Roman Senate. [44] In effect, democracy was satisfied with the possession of power, but did not care to actually use it [clarification needed]. The Senate was supreme during this era because the era was dominated by foreign policy. [45]
Marcus Tullius Cicero [a] (/ ˈ s ɪ s ə r oʊ / SISS-ə-roh; Latin: [ˈmaːrkʊs ˈtʊlli.ʊs ˈkɪkɛroː]; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, orator, writer and Academic skeptic, [4] who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire. [5]
The person running for office would wear an especially whitened toga, known as the toga candida. It is from this term that we get the modern word candidate. [22] Some candidates may have extended their canvassing to the rural markets around Rome, once those outside the city were allowed to vote. Political rallies were not permitted in Roman ...
There were three types of gatherings, the comitia, the concilium, and the contio.The first two were formal gatherings where legal decisions were made. The first, the comitia (or comitiatus), was an assembly of all Roman citizens convened to take a legal action, such as enacting laws, electing magistrates, and trying judicial cases. [27]
Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern influences on Rome and the papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590–752. Lexington Books. Gregorovius, Ferdinand. History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. Fields, Nic (2007). The Roman Army of the Punic Wars 264–146 BC. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-145-8.
Rome had been ruled by monarchs since its foundation.These monarchs were elected, for life, by the men of the Roman Senate.The last Roman monarch was called Tarquin the Proud, who in traditional histories was expelled from Rome in 509 BC because his son, Sextus Tarquinius, raped a noblewoman, Lucretia.
Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]