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Lithium is also found in brown dwarf substellar objects and certain anomalous metal-poor stars. Because lithium is present in cooler, less massive brown dwarfs, but is destroyed in hotter red dwarf stars, its presence in the stars' spectra can be used in the "lithium test" to differentiate the two, as both are smaller than the Sun. [12] [13] [15]
The idea can be stated in the form that, due to quantum gravity effects, there is a minimum distance beyond which the force of gravity no longer continues to increase as the distance between the masses becomes shorter, or alternatively that interpenetrating particle waves mask gravitational effects that would be felt at a distance.
Today it is known that an infinite universe uniformly filled with gravitating matter, if it originated in a static configuration, would indeed collapse. This conclusion originally arose from the general theory of relativity , [ 3 ] but it is also predicted by Newtonian gravity with the use of mathematical tools that were not available to Newton.
In physical cosmology, Big Bang nucleosynthesis (also known as primordial nucleosynthesis, and abbreviated as BBN) [1] is a model for the production of light nuclei, deuterium, 3 He, 4 He, 7 Li, between 0.01s and 200s in the lifetime of the universe. [2]
From the present to about 10 14 (100 trillion) years after the Big Bang An image of many stars. LH 95 star forming region of the Large Magellanic Cloud. The image was taken using the Hubble Space Telescope. Source: European Space Agency (ESA/Hubble) The observable universe is currently 1.38 × 10 10 (13.8 billion) years old. [16]
Contrary to common misconception, it is equally valid to adopt a description in which space does not expand and objects simply move apart while under the influence of their mutual gravity. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Although cosmic expansion is often framed as a consequence of general relativity , it is also predicted by Newtonian gravity .
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Inflation was first proposed by Alan Guth in 1979 while investigating the problem of why no magnetic monopoles are seen today; he found that a positive-energy false vacuum would, according to general relativity, generate an exponential expansion of space. It was quickly realised that such an expansion would resolve many other long-standing ...