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A latent infection results when the provirus is transcriptionally silent rather than active. A latent infection may become productive in response to changes in the host's environmental conditions or health; the provirus may be activated and begin transcription of its viral genome. This can result in the destruction of its host cell because the ...
For this reason, an integrated provirus is a necessary for permanent and an effective expression of retroviral genes. [10] This DNA can be incorporated into host genome as a provirus that can be passed on to progeny cells. The retrovirus DNA is inserted at random into the host genome. Because of this, it can be inserted into oncogenes. In this ...
Provirus silencing, or proviral silencing, is the repression of expression of proviral genes in cells. A provirus is a viral DNA that has been incorporated into the chromosome of a host cell, often by retroviruses such as HIV. [1] Endogenous retroviruses are always in the provirus state in the host cell and replicate through reverse ...
A long terminal repeat (LTR) is a pair of identical sequences of DNA, several hundred base pairs long, which occur in eukaryotic genomes on either end of a series of genes or pseudogenes that form a retrotransposon or an endogenous retrovirus or a retroviral provirus. All retroviral genomes are flanked by LTRs, while there are some ...
The viral genome is then known as a "provirus" or, in the case of bacteriophages a "prophage". [13]: 836 Whenever the host divides, the viral genome is also replicated. The viral genome is mostly silent within the host. At some point, the provirus or prophage may give rise to the active virus, which may lyse the host cells.
3. The phage DNA then moves through the cell to the host's DNA. 4. The phage DNA integrates itself into the host cell's DNA, creating prophage. 5. The prophage then remains dormant until the host cell divides. 6. After the host cell has divided, the phage DNA in the daughter cells activate, and the phage DNA begins to express itself.
After entering the cytoplasm, viral RNA is copied into a single dsDNA molecule by reverse transcriptase. This DNA is somehow carried into the nucleus, where the integrase (IN) protein catalyzes its insertion into chromosomal DNA. The viral DNA integrated into the host genome is called “provirus”.
The viral DNA is then translocated into the nucleus where one strand of the retroviral genome is put into the chromosomal DNA by the help of the virion integrase. At this point the retrovirus is referred to as provirus. Once in the chromosomal DNA, the provirus is transcribed by the cellular RNA polymerase II.