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Turbo codes, as described first in 1993, implemented a parallel concatenation of two convolutional codes, with an interleaver between the two codes and an iterative decoder that passes information forth and back between the codes. [6] This design has a better performance than any previously conceived concatenated codes.
The natural code rate of the configuration shown is 1/4, however, the inner and/or outer codes may be punctured to achieve higher code rates as needed. For example, an overall code rate of 1/2 may be achieved by puncturing the outer convolutional code to rate 3/4 and the inner convolutional code to rate 2/3.
Many authors also use concatenation of a string set and a single string, and vice versa, which are defined similarly by S 1 w = { vw : v ∈ S 1} and vS 2 = { vw : w ∈ S 2}. In these definitions, the string vw is the ordinary concatenation of strings v and w as defined in the introductory section.
Hardware-wise, this turbo code encoder consists of two identical RSC coders, C 1 and C 2, as depicted in the figure, which are connected to each other using a concatenation scheme, called parallel concatenation: In the figure, M is a memory register. The delay line and interleaver force input bits d k to appear in different sequences.
Unified Diagnostic Services (UDS) is a diagnostic communication protocol used in electronic control units (ECUs) within automotive electronics, which is specified in the ISO 14229-1. [1] It is derived from ISO 14230-3 ( KWP2000 ) and the now obsolete ISO 15765 -3 (Diagnostic Communication over Controller Area Network (DoCAN) [ 2 ] ).
OBD-II PIDs (On-board diagnostics Parameter IDs) are codes used to request data from a vehicle, used as a diagnostic tool.. SAE standard J1979 defines many OBD-II PIDs. All on-road vehicles and trucks sold in North America are required to support a subset of these codes, primarily for state mandated emissions inspections.
1.9-litre TDI, 66 kW (90 PS; 89 hp) — 1999.5–2003 Volkswagen Golf, Volkswagen Jetta, Volkswagen New Beetle, Volkswagen Passat ID code- ATD, BEW, BRM 1.9-litre TDI , 74 kW (101 PS; 99 hp) — 2004–2006 Volkswagen Jetta , Volkswagen New Beetle
A VR5 engine block houses two staggered rows of cylinders within a single, short and wide bank – one row of two cylinders and the other having three. This narrow-angle, single bank block makes the five cylinder engine as short as an inline three cylinder, while also having single inlet and exhaust manifolds.