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An m × n matrix: the m rows are horizontal and the n columns are vertical. Each element of a matrix is often denoted by a variable with two subscripts.For example, a 2,1 represents the element at the second row and first column of the matrix.
Given a simple graph with vertices , …,, its Laplacian matrix is defined element-wise as [1],:= { = , or equivalently by the matrix =, where D is the degree matrix, and A is the graph's adjacency matrix.
In this section, we give some definitions of the rank of a matrix. Many definitions are possible; see Alternative definitions for several of these.. The column rank of A is the dimension of the column space of A, while the row rank of A is the dimension of the row space of A.
An N-point DFT is expressed as the multiplication =, where is the original input signal, is the N-by-N square DFT matrix, and is the DFT of the signal.. The transformation matrix can be defined as = (), =, …,, or equivalently: