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Al-Andalus (Arabic: الأَنْدَلُس, romanized: al-ʾAndalus) [a] was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula.The name refers to the different Muslim [1] [2] states that controlled these territories at various times between 711 and 1492.
In 1856, Andalusia was the second Spanish region in terms of degree of industrialization, between 1856 and 1900 Andalusia had a rate of industrialization above the national average in the branches of food, metallurgy, chemistry and ceramics, from 1915 this supremacy was reduced to the branches of food and chemistry. [41]
The population of al-Andalus, especially local nobles who aspired to a share in power, began to embrace Islam and the Arabic language. [45] However, the majority of the population remained Christians using the Mozarabic Rite, and Latin remained the principal language until the 11th century.
Muhammad Abdullah Enan (1964), The State of Islam in Andalusia, Vol. III: The Era of Almoravids and Almohads, Part 2. Donald Sidney Richards (2010), The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh. Part 3. Peter Fraser Purton (2009), A History of the Early Medieval Siege, C. 450–1220.
The Islamic law scholar Felipe Maíllo Salgado has pointed out that in the Middle East the social inequality of the mawali (pl. of mawla: a non-Arab convert to Islam, often a former slave, who remains linked as a “client” to his Arab Muslim “protector” in a relationship of allegiance and “protection”) gave rise to a movement that ...
The port served has a way to export goods from Almeria, but it also grew into the main port for all of Andalusia. [2] Al-Mutasim expanded the cultural significance of Almeria by assembling a court of many of the top muslim poets of the time. [5] Al-Mutasim also invested in the infrastructure of the city using funds generated from the port.
The Emirate of Córdoba, from 929, the Caliphate of Córdoba, was an Arab Islamic state ruled by the Umayyad dynasty from 756 to 1031. Its territory comprised most of the Iberian Peninsula (known to Muslims as al-Andalus), the Balearic Islands, and parts of North Africa, with its capital in Córdoba (at the time Qurṭubah).
Islam was a major religion on the Iberian Peninsula, beginning with the Umayyad conquest of Hispania and ending (at least overtly) with its prohibition by the modern Spanish state in the mid-16th century and the expulsion of the Moriscos in the early 17th century, an ethnic and religious minority of around 500,000 people. [2]