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The angle between cylinder banks is called the 'bank angle'. Engines with multiple banks are shorter than straight engines of the same size, and will often have better engine balance characteristics, resulting in reduced engine vibration and potentially higher maximum engine speeds.
90° V angle: This design historically derives from chopping two cylinders off a 90° V8 engine, in order to reduce design and construction costs. An early example is the 3.3 L (200 cu in) and 3.8 L (229 cu in) Chevrolet 90° V6 engines, which have an 18° offset crankshaft resulting in an uneven firing interval.
The cylinder heads contain four valves per cylinder actuated by dual overhead camshafts which are driven by a timing belt. These engines, however, differed from many modern V6 engines in that it has a 54-degree cylinder bank angle as opposed to the more conventional 60-degree or 90-degree setup.
1917 Liberty L-8— an aircraft engine with a V-angle of 45° Most engines use a V-angle (the angle between the two banks of cylinders) of 90 degrees. This angle results in good engine balance, which results in low vibrations. [5] However, the downside is the greater width of the engine compared to those that use a smaller V-angle.
Some engines have used a V-angle of 180 degrees (the same angle as a flat engine), such as several Ferrari V12 engines. [7] [8] At the other end of the scale, the 1922-1976 Lancia V4 engine and the 1991–present Volkswagen VR6 engine use V-angles as small as 10 degrees, along with a single cylinder head used by both banks of cylinders.
Each bank of a V12 engine essentially functions as a straight-six engine, which by itself has perfect primary and secondary engine balance.A four-stroke V12 engine has even firing order at V-angles of 60, 120, or 180 degrees [1] [unreliable source] Many V12 engines use a V-angle of 60 degrees between the two banks of cylinders. [2]
All C engines share in common a 90-degree V-angle from bank to bank, common cylinder block bore centers, and four valves per cylinder. It is an all-aluminum design, and uses timing belt-driven single or dual overhead camshafts; the water pump is also driven by the timing belt.
All V6 engines with even firing spacing—regardless of the V-angle between the cylinder banks—are subject to a primary imbalance caused by each bank consisting of an inline-three engine, due to the odd number of cylinders in each bank. Straight-six engines and flat-six engines do not experience this imbalance.