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MT-ATP8 (or ATP8) is a mitochondrial gene with the full name 'mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase membrane subunit 8' that encodes a subunit of mitochondrial ATP synthase, ATP synthase F o subunit 8 (or subunit A6L). This subunit belongs to the F o complex of the large, transmembrane F-type ATP synthase. [5]
The γ subunit allows β to go through conformational changes (i.e., closed, half open, and open states) that allow for ATP to be bound and released once synthesized. The F 1 particle is large and can be seen in the transmission electron microscope by negative staining. [ 8 ]
The alpha and beta subunits form a cylinder that is attached to the central stalk. The alpha/beta subunits undergo a sequence of conformational changes leading to the formation of ATP from ADP, which are induced by the rotation of the gamma subunit, itself is driven by the movement of protons through the Fo complex C subunit. [7]
With respect to the MT-ATP6 reading frame (+3), the MT-ATP8 gene ends in the +1 reading frame with a TAG stop codon. The MT-ATP6 protein weighs 24.8 kDa and is composed of 226 amino acids. [8] [9] The protein is a subunit of the F 1 F o ATPase, also known as Complex V, which consists of 14
Schematic karyogram showing the human genome, with 23 chromosome pairs, and the human mitochondrial genome to scale at bottom left (annotated "MT").Its genome is relatively tiny compared to the rest, and its copy number per human cell varies from 0 (erythrocytes) [1] up to 1,500,000 ().
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For each nucleotide triplet (square brackets), the corresponding amino acid is given (one-letter code), either in the +1 reading frame for MT-ATP8 (in red) or in the +3 frame for MT-ATP6 (in blue). In this genomic region, the two genes overlap. The start codon is the first codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated by a ribosome.
The α subunit is close to the subunit b 2 and makes up the stalk that connects the transmembrane subunits to the α3β3 and δ subunits. F-ATP synthases are identical in appearance and function except for the mitochondrial F 0 F 1 -ATP synthase, which contains 7-9 additional subunits.