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Cryptorchidism, also known as undescended testis, is the failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. The word is from Ancient Greek κρυπτός (kryptos) ' hidden ' and ὄρχις (orchis) ' testicle '. It is the most common birth defect of the male genital tract. [1]
The most common presentation of testicular cancer is a hard, painless lump which can be felt on one of the testis. It is either noticed by a clinician during a routine examination, or the patient themselves. Risk factors for TC include cryptorchidism, family history, and previous testicular cancer. A diagnosis is confirmed in various ways.
This can be due to: One testicle not descending into the scrotum during normal embryonic or fetal development (3–4% of 'normal' live births), also known as undescended testis or cryptorchidism. In this case the testis is within the abdominal cavity, somewhere along the normal route of descent – most commonly, within the inguinal canal.
Cryptorchidism, or "undescended testicles", is when the testicle does not descend into the scrotum of an infant boy. [30] Testicular enlargement is an unspecific sign of various testicular diseases, and can be defined as a testicular size of more than 5 cm × 3 cm (short axis). [42]
PMDS was usually overlooked because the external symptoms, such as the cryptorchidism and inguinal hernias, were assumed to be the only complication. A case reported in 2013, involves a 50-year-old male with a history of low testosterone levels, high cholesterol and the congenital absence of his right testis. [ 13 ]
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A ridgling (also spelled ridgeling), [1] or rig, is a cryptorchid; [2] a male animal with one or both testicles undescended, [1] usually describing a ram, bull, or male horse, [3] but cryptorchidism also can be an issue in dogs and cats. [4] Because the heat inside the body is too high for sperm to survive, an undescended testicle is non ...
Common inherited variants in genes that encode enzymes employed in DNA mismatch repair are associated with increased risk of sperm DNA damage and male infertility. [37] As men age there is a consistent decline in semen quality, and this decline appears to be due to DNA damage. [ 38 ]