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Comparative effectiveness research (CER) is the direct comparison of existing health care interventions to determine which work best for which patients and which pose the greatest benefits and harms. The core question of comparative effectiveness research is which treatment works best, for whom, and under what circumstances. [ 1 ]
An N of 1 trial (N=1) is a multiple crossover clinical trial, conducted in a single patient. [1] A trial in which random allocation is used to determine the order in which an experimental and a control intervention are given to a single patient is an N of 1 randomized controlled trial.
Implementation research is the systematic study of methods that support the application of research findings and other evidence-based knowledge into policy and practice. [1] It aims to understand the most effective pathways from research to practical application, particularly in areas such as health, education, psychology and management. [2]
Systematic reviews aim to bridge the research-policy divide by assessing the range of existing evidence on a particular topic, and presenting the information in an accessible format. Like rigorous impact evaluations, they are developed from a study Protocol which sets out a priori the criteria for study inclusion, search and methods of synthesis.
A systematic review is a scholarly synthesis of the evidence on a clearly presented topic using critical methods to identify, define and assess research on the topic. [1] A systematic review extracts and interprets data from published studies on the topic (in the scientific literature), then analyzes, describes, critically appraises and summarizes interpretations into a refined evidence-based ...
Calculation of effective stress, the theory of which is an effective theory. In mathematics and logic, effective is used to describe metalogical methods that fit the criteria of an effective procedure. In group theory, a group element acts effectively (or faithfully) on a point, if that point is not fixed by the action.
EBE has gained attention since English author David H. Hargreaves suggested in 1996 that education would be more effective if teaching, like medicine, was a "research-based profession". [28] Since 2000, studies in Australia, England, Scotland and the US have supported the use of research to improve educational practices in teaching reading.
In its most common sense, methodology is the study of research methods. However, the term can also refer to the methods themselves or to the philosophical discussion of associated background assumptions. A method is a structured procedure for bringing about a certain goal, like acquiring knowledge or verifying knowledge claims.