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Body integrity dysphoria (BID), also referred to as body integrity identity disorder (BIID), amputee identity disorder or xenomelia, and formerly called apotemnophilia, is a rare mental disorder characterized by a desire to have a sensory or physical disability or feeling discomfort with being able-bodied, beginning in early adolescence and resulting in harmful consequences. [1]
Conversion disorder presented motor or sensory symptoms including: Motor symptoms or deficits: Impaired coordination or balance; Weakness/paralysis of a limb or the entire body (hysterical paralysis or motor conversion disorders) Impairment or loss of speech (hysterical aphonia) Difficulty swallowing or a sensation of a lump in the throat
Gender, side of limb loss, and etiology of amputation have not been shown to affect the onset of phantom limb pain. [2] One investigation of lower limb amputation observed that as stump length decreased, and therefore length of the phantom limb increased, there was a greater incidence of moderate and severe phantom pain. [8]
A phantom limb is the sensation that an amputated or missing limb is still attached. It is a chronic condition that is often resistant to treatment. [1] When the cut ends of sensory fibres are stimulated during thigh movements, the patient feels as if the sensation is arising from the non-existent limb.
Diagnosis depends on the ability of physicians to explain the symptoms and on psychological influences. [1] There are, however, authors who propose that the diagnosis for unexplained pain should be adjustment disorder because it does not pathologize individuals with this medical condition. [6]
Subsets of functional neurological disorders include functional neurologic symptom disorder (FNsD) (conversion disorder), functional movement disorder, and functional seizures. The diagnosis is made based on positive signs and symptoms in the history and examination during consultation of a neurologist. [3]
Somatoparaphrenia is a type of monothematic delusion where one denies ownership of a limb or an entire side of one's body. Even if provided with undeniable proof that the limb belongs to and is attached to their own body, the patient produces elaborate confabulations about whose limb it really is or how the limb ended up on their body.
There is an ultra-rare adult-onset, limb–girdle phenotype that presents very late in life (70+ years of age) due to a recessive homozygous PYGM mutation (p. Lys42Profs*48) resulting in severe upper and lower limb atrophy, with the possibility of ptosis (drooping eyelids) and camptocormia (stooped posture). [ 9 ]