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Commensalism is a long-term biological interaction in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed. [1] This is in contrast with mutualism , in which both organisms benefit from each other; amensalism , where one is harmed while the other is unaffected; and parasitism , where one is ...
In the time following, symbiotic relationships between marine invertebrates and chemoautotrophic bacteria have been found in a variety of ecosystems, ranging from shallow coastal waters to deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Symbiosis is a way for marine organisms to find creative ways to survive in a very dynamic environment.
Cleaning symbiosis is known from several groups of animals both in the sea and on land (see table). Cleaners include fish, shrimps and birds; clients include a much wider range of fish, marine reptiles including turtles and iguanas, octopus, whales, and terrestrial mammals. [ 7 ]
Smaller remoras also fasten onto fish such as tuna and swordfish, and some of the smallest remoras travel in the mouths or gills of large manta rays, ocean sunfish, swordfish and sailfish. The relationship between a remora and its host is most often taken to be one of commensalism, specifically phoresy.
Seahorses are the slowest fish in the sea. They can only swim at 0.01 MPH. Image credits: Jo Mburu #23. ... It was originally thought that this was an example of commensalism: the amphibian hangs ...
Mutualistic symbiosis can sometimes evolve from parasitism or commensalism, Fungi's relationship to plants in the form of mycelium evolved from parasitism and commensalism. Under certain conditions species of fungi previously in a state of mutualism can turn parasitic on weak or dying plants. [ 64 ]
The Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis), also known as the man-of-war [6] or bluebottle, [7] is a marine hydrozoan found in the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean.It is considered to be the same species as the Pacific man o' war or bluebottle, which is found mainly in the Pacific Ocean. [8]
Commonly studied cleaner fish are the cleaner wrasse of the genus Labroides found on coral reefs in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean. [ 8 ] Neon gobies of the genera Gobiosoma and Elacatinus provide a cleaning service similar to the cleaner wrasse, though this time on reefs in the Western Atlantic , providing a good example of convergent ...