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He was the author of two dozen books covering topics in politics, philosophy, history, urban affairs, and social ecology. Among the most important were Our Synthetic Environment (1962), Post-Scarcity Anarchism (1971), The Ecology of Freedom (1982), and Urbanization Without Cities (1987).
"The Ecological Approach to the Study of the Human Community." American Journal of Sociology 30:287–301. Park, Robert E. 1915. "The City: Suggestions for the Investigation of Behavior in the City Environment." American Journal of Sociology 20:579–83. Stark, et al. 1983. "Beyond Durkheim." Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 22:120 ...
The publication of this work was preceded by an article published by Park in 1915; [4] a modified version of this work appears as Chapter 1 [5] in The City, edited by Park and Burgess (1925). [5] The article - considered to be the primer for the Chicago School of Sociology - is one of the most important urban models in the 20th century. [6]
Robert Ezra Park (February 14, 1864 – February 7, 1944) was an American urban sociologist who is considered to be one of the most influential figures in early U.S. sociology. [1] Park was a pioneer in the field of sociology , changing it from a passive philosophical discipline to an active discipline rooted in the study of human behavior.
Urban studies is the diverse range of disciplines and approaches to the study of all aspects of cities, their suburbs, and other urban areas. This includes among others: urban economics , urban planning , urban ecology , urban transportation systems, urban politics , sociology and urban social relations.
The methods and studies of urban ecology is a subset of ecology. The study of urban ecology carries increasing importance because more than 50% of the world's population today lives in urban areas. [5] It is also estimated that within the next 40 years, two-thirds of the world's population will be living in expanding urban centers. [6]
Anthropologist Eric R. Wolf gave it a second life in 1972 in an article entitled "Ownership and Political Ecology", in which he discusses how local rules of ownership and inheritance "mediate between the pressures emanating from the larger society and the exigencies of the local ecosystem", but did not develop the concept further. [4]
In a Botswana study on urban poultry agriculture, Alice J. Hovorka (2006) examines the implications of fast-paced urbanization on social and ecological relations in a feminist political ecology framework. Men and women are both involved and affected by development issues, so therefore "gender is an integral part of a key element of agrarian ...