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Mary is remembered in the 21st century for her vigorous efforts to restore the primacy of Roman Catholicism in England after the rise of Protestant influence during the previous reigns. Protestant historians have long deplored her reign, emphasizing that in just five years she burned several hundred Protestants at the stake.
Under Mary I (1553–1558), Catholicism was briefly restored. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement reintroduced the Protestant religion but in a more moderate manner. Nevertheless, disputes over the structure, theology, and worship of the Church of England continued for generations.
In Mary's reign, these religious policies were reversed, England was re-united with the Catholic Church and Protestantism was suppressed. The Elizabethan Settlement was an attempt to end this religious turmoil. The Act of Supremacy of 1558 re-established the Church of England's independence from Rome.
At the 2001 United Kingdom census, there were 4.2 million Catholics in England and Wales, some 8.3 per cent of the population. One hundred years earlier, in 1901, they represented only 4.8 per cent of the population (approximately 1.8 million people). [183] In 1981, 8.7 per cent of the population of England and Wales were Catholic. [13]
Mary persuades Parliament to request that the Papal Legate, Cardinal Reginald Pole, obtain Papal absolution for England's separation from the Catholic Church. This effectively returned the Church of England to Catholicism. 1554, November Revival of the Heresy Acts restored the death penalty for those that denied the principles of Catholicism.
Recusants were Roman Catholics who refused to attend Church of England services as required by law. [55] Recusancy was punishable by fines of £20 a month (fifty times an artisan's wage). "Church papists" were Roman Catholics who outwardly conformed to the established church while maintaining their Catholic faith in secret. [56]
The main disabilities, as referenced above, were lifted by the Catholic Relief Act of 1829. In 1850 the pope restored the Catholic hierarchy, giving England its own Catholic bishops again. In 1869 a new seminary opened. [2] Another, larger group comprised very poor Irish immigrants escaping the Great Irish Famine. Their numbers rose from ...
Edward VI of England: 1547–1553 With Thomas Cranmer, authorised the Book of Common Prayer. Lady Jane Grey: 1553 Reign's legitimacy is disputed. Mary I of England and Philip: 1553–1555 From 1554 the couple omitted the title, without statutory authority until authorised by Parliament in 1555. Promoted the Catholic Reformation in England and ...