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The Windows NT kernel is a hybrid kernel; the architecture comprises a simple kernel, hardware abstraction layer (HAL), drivers, and a range of services (collectively named Executive), which all exist in kernel mode. [1] User mode in Windows NT is made of subsystems capable of passing I/O requests to the appropriate kernel mode device drivers ...
For example, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 (and their predecessors) use only two rings, with ring 0 corresponding to kernel mode and ring 3 to user mode, [7] because earlier versions of Windows NT ran on processors that supported only two protection levels. [8]
Configuration Manager, the kernel mode side of Windows Registry: Dbg: Dbg: Debugging aid functions, such as a software break point Dbgk: Dbgk A set of debugging functions that are being exposed to user mode through ntdll.dll Ex: Exp: Windows executive, an "outer layer" of ntoskrnl.exe: FsRtl: FsRtlp: File system runtime library [3] Io: Iop: I/O ...
The Native API is a lightweight application programming interface (API) used by Windows NT's kernel and user mode applications. This API is used in the early stages of Windows NT startup process, when other components and APIs are still unavailable.
Kernel mode in Windows NT has full access to the hardware and system resources of the computer. The Windows NT kernel is a hybrid kernel; the architecture comprises a simple kernel, hardware abstraction layer (HAL), drivers, and a range of services (collectively named Executive), which all exist in kernel mode. [29]
The Windows NT operating system family's architecture consists of two layers (user mode and kernel mode), with many different modules within both of these layers.One prominent example of a hybrid kernel is the Microsoft Windows NT kernel that powers all operating systems in the Windows NT family, up to and including Windows 11 and Windows Server 2022, and powers Windows Phone 8, Windows Phone ...
The Session Manager Subsystem is the first user-mode process started by the kernel. Once started it creates additional paging files with configuration data from HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Memory Management, [1] the environment variables located at the registry entry HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Environment, and DOS device mappings (e.g. CON ...
The Client/Server Runtime Subsystem, or csrss.exe, is a component of the Windows NT family of operating systems that provides the user mode side of the Win32 subsystem.In modern versions of Windows, it is primarily involved with process and thread management, console window handling, side-by-side assembly loading and the shutdown process.