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The Windows NT kernel is a hybrid kernel; the architecture comprises a simple kernel, hardware abstraction layer (HAL), drivers, and a range of services (collectively named Executive), which all exist in kernel mode. [1] User mode in Windows NT is made of subsystems capable of passing I/O requests to the appropriate kernel mode device drivers ...
Windows NT 3.1 featured a core kernel providing a system API, running in supervisor mode (ring 0 in x86; referred to in Windows NT as "kernel mode" on all platforms), and a set of user-space environments with their own APIs which included the new Win32 environment, an OS/2 1.3 text-mode environment and a POSIX environment.
When called from ntdll.dll in user mode, these groups are almost exactly the same; they execute an interrupt into kernel mode and call the equivalent function in ntoskrnl.exe via the SSDT. When calling the functions directly in ntoskrnl.exe (only possible in kernel mode), the Zw variants ensure kernel mode, whereas the Nt variants do not. [1]
For example, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 (and their predecessors) use only two rings, with ring 0 corresponding to kernel mode and ring 3 to user mode, [8] because earlier versions of Windows NT ran on processors that supported only two protection levels. [9]
The Session Manager Subsystem is the first user-mode process started by the kernel. Once started it creates additional paging files with configuration data from HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Memory Management, [1] the environment variables located at the registry entry HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session Manager\Environment, and DOS device mappings (e.g. CON ...
The Windows NT operating system family's architecture consists of two layers (user mode and kernel mode), with many different modules within both of these layers.One prominent example of a hybrid kernel is the Microsoft Windows NT kernel that powers all operating systems in the Windows NT family, up to and including Windows 11 and Windows Server 2022, and powers Windows Phone 8, Windows Phone ...
Configuration Manager, the kernel mode side of Windows Registry: Dbg: Dbg: Debugging aid functions, such as a software break point Dbgk: Dbgk A set of debugging functions that are being exposed to user mode through ntdll.dll Ex: Exp: Windows executive, an "outer layer" of ntoskrnl.exe: FsRtl: FsRtlp: File system runtime library [3] Io: Iop: I/O ...
Environmental subsystems are central components of operating systems of the Windows NT type. They allow the operating system to run software developed for the platform in question. For example, Windows NT 4.0 has four environmental subsystems, for example Win32, DOS or Win16, OS/2, and POSIX, the latter of which is a Unix standard. [1]