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The phoneme /ɜː/ is pronounced at least as high as /eː/ (), and has a lowered F3 that might indicate that it is rounded . [6] [7] The ɜ glyph is used — rather than ɘ or ɵ — as most revisions of the phonemic orthography for Australian English predate the 1993 modifications to the International Phonetic Alphabet.
It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Australian languages in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.
Most Australian languages do not distinguish between voiced and voiceless stops, so that e.g. t and d both occur as variants of the same sound. Both the voiced and voiceless allophone will usually be written the same way, but whether to use the voiceless symbol or the voiced symbol varies depending on which occurs more frequently in the language.
Phonemic notation commonly uses IPA symbols that are rather close to the default pronunciation of a phoneme, but for legibility often uses simple and 'familiar' letters rather than precise notation, for example /r/ and /o/ for the English [ɹʷ] and [əʊ̯] sounds, or /c, ɟ/ for [t͜ʃ, d͜ʒ] as mentioned above.
The Macquarie Dictionary has noted a shift within Australian English towards using e alone, and now lists some words such as encyclopedia, fetus, eon or hematite with the e spelling as the preferred variant and hence Australian English varies by word when it comes to these sets of words.
Some have suggested that the most appropriate unit to describe the phonotactics of Australian languages is the phonological word. The most common word length is two syllables, and a typical phonological word would have the form: (C INIT)V 1 C 1 (C 2)V 2 (C FIN) with the first syllable being stressed. [53]
The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a complete list of all possible speech sounds in the world's languages, only those about which stand-alone articles exist in this encyclopedia.
A sound sample spoken by a native speaker consisting of a shorter text with a complete IPA-transcription, preferably one broad (phonemic) and one narrow. Make sure to note the age, sex and the dialect of the speaker. A recommended text to read is a translation of the fable "The North Wind and the Sun", traditionally used by the IPA.