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Internal and external reliability and validity explained. Uncertainty models, uncertainty quantification, and uncertainty processing in engineering; The relationships between correlational and internal consistency concepts of test reliability; The problem of negative reliabilities
Internal validity, therefore, is more a matter of degree than of either-or, and that is exactly why research designs other than true experiments may also yield results with a high degree of internal validity. In order to allow for inferences with a high degree of internal validity, precautions may be taken during the design of the study.
In contrast, internal validity is the validity of conclusions drawn within the context of a particular study. Mathematical analysis of external validity concerns a determination of whether generalization across heterogeneous populations is feasible, and devising statistical and computational methods that produce valid generalizations. [4]
In other words, the relevance of external and internal validity to a research study depends on the goals of the study. Furthermore, conflating research goals with validity concerns can lead to the mutual-internal-validity problem, where theories are able to explain only phenomena in artificial laboratory settings but not the real world. [13] [14]
Alpha is also a function of the number of items, so shorter scales will often have lower reliability estimates yet still be preferable in many situations because they are lower burden. An alternative way of thinking about internal consistency is that it is the extent to which all of the items of a test measure the same latent variable. The ...
(C) Internal Consistency Reliability: Internal consistency reliability estimates consistency of items with each other. Split-half reliability (Spearman- Brown Prophecy) and Cronbach Alpha are popular estimates of this reliability. [5] (D) Parallel Form Reliability: It is an estimate of consistency between two different instruments of ...
Rotter, Julian B (1975). "Some problems and misconceptions related to the construct of internal versus external control of reinforcement". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 43: 56– 67. doi:10.1037/h0076301. Rotter, Julian B (1990). "Internal versus external control of reinforcement: A case history of a variable". American ...
Construct validity has three aspects or components: the substantive component, structural component, and external component. [15] They are closely related to three stages in the test construction process: constitution of the pool of items, analysis and selection of the internal structure of the pool of items, and correlation of test scores with ...