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Cathedrals and Castles: Building in the Middle Ages (UK title: The Cathedral Builders of the Middle Ages; French: Quand les cathédrales étaient peintes, lit. 'When the Cathedrals were Painted') is a 1993 illustrated monograph on medieval architecture , mostly church architecture , and its building technology .
A diagram of a Motte and Bailey Castle. Surviving examples of medieval secular architecture mainly served for defense, these include forts, castles, tower houses, and fortified walls. Fortifications were built during the Middle Ages to display the power of the lords of the land and reassure common folk in their protection of property and ...
The design was brought to Europe from the Levant following the crusades and became especially prevalent in Southern Europe. Machicolations were more common in French castles than English, where they are usually restricted to the gateway, as in the 13th-century Conwy Castle. [5] Within France, machicolation is more common on southern castles.
Plan of the outer and inner baileys of Alt-Trauchburg Castle (Germany). The Graben is the neck ditch, and to its right is the inner bailey, accessible over a wooden bridge. Topoľčany Castle with an inner and an outer bailey. The inner bailey or inner ward of a castle is the strongly fortified enclosure at the heart of a medieval castle. [1]
In particular, a medieval type of European castle is known as a motte-and-bailey. Castles and fortifications may have more than one bailey, and the enclosure wall building material may have been at first in wood, and later transitioned to stone. Their layout depends both on the local topography and the level of fortification technology employed ...
Most Spanish castles were built from stone, whereas castles in Eastern Europe were usually of timber construction. [154] On the Construction of the Castle of Safed, written in the early 1260s, describes the construction of a new castle at Safed. It is "one of the fullest" medieval accounts of a castle's construction. [155]
Romanesque architecture [1] is an architectural style of medieval Europe that was predominant in the 11th and 12th centuries. [2] The style eventually developed into the Gothic style with the shape of the arches providing a simple distinction: the Romanesque is characterized by semicircular arches, while the Gothic is marked by the pointed arches.
An example of an early concentric castle is the Byzantine castle of Korykos in Turkey, built in the early 11th century AD. [ 2 ] Historians (in particular Hugh Kennedy ) have argued that the concentric defence arose as a response to advances in siege technology in the crusader states from the 12th to the 13th century.