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  2. Chemical polarity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_polarity

    A completely polar bond is more correctly called an ionic bond, and occurs when the difference between electronegativities is large enough that one atom actually takes an electron from the other. The terms "polar" and "nonpolar" are usually applied to covalent bonds, that is, bonds where the polarity is not complete. To determine the polarity ...

  3. Molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_geometry

    Molecular geometry influences several properties of a substance including its reactivity, polarity, phase of matter, color, magnetism and biological activity. [1] [2] [3] The angles between bonds that an atom forms depend only weakly on the rest of molecule, i.e. they can be understood as approximately local and hence transferable properties.

  4. Bent molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bent_molecular_geometry

    There are several variants of bending, where the most common is AX 2 E 2 where two covalent bonds and two lone pairs of the central atom (A) form a complete 8-electron shell. They have central angles from 104° to 109.5°, where the latter is consistent with a simplistic theory which predicts the tetrahedral symmetry of four sp 3 hybridised ...

  5. Tetrahedral molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry

    In a tetrahedral molecular geometry, a central atom is located at the center with four substituents that are located at the corners of a tetrahedron. The bond angles are arccos(− ⁠ 1 / 3 ⁠) = 109.4712206...° ≈ 109.5° when all four substituents are the same, as in methane (CH 4) [1] [2] as well as its heavier analogues.

  6. Nucleic acid structure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_structure

    Nucleic acid structure refers to the structure of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. Chemically speaking, DNA and RNA are very similar. Chemically speaking, DNA and RNA are very similar. Nucleic acid structure is often divided into four different levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

  7. Benzyl bromide - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzyl_bromide

    Benzyl bromide is used in organic synthesis for the introduction of the benzyl groups when the less expensive benzyl chloride is insufficiently reactive. [6] [7] Benzylations are often achieved in the presence of catalytic amounts of sodium iodide, which generates the more reactive benzyl iodide in situ. [3]

  8. Molecule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule

    A pure substance is composed of molecules with the same average geometrical structure. The chemical formula and the structure of a molecule are the two important factors that determine its properties, particularly its reactivity. Isomers share a chemical formula but normally have very different properties because of their different structures.

  9. Molecular model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_model

    Molecular models may be created for several reasons – as pedagogic tools for students or those unfamiliar with atomistic structures; as objects to generate or test theories (e.g., the structure of DNA); as analogue computers (e.g., for measuring distances and angles in flexible systems); or as aesthetically pleasing objects on the boundary of ...