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The term plasmid was coined in 1952 by the American molecular biologist Joshua Lederberg to refer to "any extrachromosomal hereditary determinant." [11] [12] The term's early usage included any bacterial genetic material that exists extrachromosomally for at least part of its replication cycle, but because that description includes bacterial viruses, the notion of plasmid was refined over time ...
Many biotechnology applications utilize mutated plasmids that replicate to high copy number. For example, pBR322 is a medium copy number plasmid (~20 copies/cell) from which several high copy number cloning vectors (>100 copies/cell) have been derived by mutagenesis, such as the well known pUC series. [ 1 ]
For instance, if there are 2 copies of a plasmid in a cell, there is 50% chance of having one plasmid-less daughter cell. However, high-copy number plasmids have a cost for the hosting cell. This metabolic burden is lower for low-copy plasmids, but those have a higher probability of plasmid loss after a few generations.
Plasmids commonly carry a gene for antibiotic resistance that allows for the selection of bacterial cells containing the plasmid. Many plasmids also carry a reporter gene that allows researchers to distinguish clones containing an insert from those that do not.
A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) is a DNA construct, based on a functional fertility plasmid (or F-plasmid), used for transforming and cloning in bacteria, usually E. coli. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] F-plasmids play a crucial role because they contain partition genes that promote the even distribution of plasmids after bacterial cell division.
Plasmids and bacteriophages are usually replicated as single replicons, but large plasmids in Gram-negative bacteria have been ... there are multiple replicons per ...
Since many R-factors contain F-plasmids, antibiotic resistance can be easily spread among a population of bacteria. [19] Also, R-factors can be taken up by "DNA pumps" in their membranes via transformation , [ 20 ] or less commonly through viral mediated transduction , [ 21 ] or via bacteriophage, although conjugation is the most common means ...
Two such mutants, PFF1cop254D and PFF1cop271C, increase the copy number of PFF1 in E. coli from approximately 39-40 to about 501 and 113 plasmids per cell, respectively. [17] An increase in copy number is useful for genetic engineering applications to increase the production yield of recombinant protein .